14th Sunday after Pentecost: Gate Keepers
In todays introit we read from Psalms 84:10:
“For a day in thy courts is better than a thousand elsewhere. I had rather be a doorkeeper in the house of my God, than to dwell in the tents of wickedness.”
Before digging into this introit verse, I would like to explain, for those who do not know, what exactly an introit is.
The introit is a song or chant that is sung or played at the beginning of the Mass. It is also known as the entrance hymn or gathering song. The word "introit" comes from the Latin word introitus, which means "entrance". It is part of the liturgy's proper, which is the part that changes throughout the liturgical year. A specific introit text is provided for every Sunday and holy day.
As has already been said, our introit comes from Psalms 84:10. Lets read it again: “For a day in thy courts is better than a thousand elsewhere. I had rather be a doorkeeper in the house of my God, than to dwell in the tents of wickedness.”
The main thrust of Psalms 84 is that there is nothing better than being in the presence of God. The picture being given is about being in the temple where the glory of God dwells.
But in Psalms 84 verse 10, the Psalmist gets more specific. He focuses on an particular area of the temple. He says, “I had rather be a doorkeeper in the house of my God.”
What is a doorkeeper?
The gatekeepers were Levites stationed at the gates of God's house. It was their task to open the temple gates in the morning and to close them again at night. They stood ready to receive the tithes and gifts that the Israelites brought. They stood watch over the storerooms and treasuries to make sure that nothing was stolen. They stood on guard to make sure that no unclean person would enter God's house. They stood – for hours on end, day and night. Not a glamorous job, but as psalmist tells us, there's no place he'd rather be.
If the goal of Old Testament studies, and of our lives as Christians, is to know God better, to be close to him, what better place to go than to the threshold of the temple where the doorkeeper stood on guard, at the very entrance into God's presence? So let's consider the office of God's doorkeepers. We'll trace their history through the Old Testament, and we'll outline their significance for us as Christians in the New Testament age.
Origins
Gatekeepers were not unique to Israel. Other nations too had temples for their gods, complete with temple personnel. It stands to reason that they also had temple guards to restrict access and to protect treasures. But there is no evidence in Scripture, however, that Israel's gatekeeping institution derived from the surrounding cultures. Rather it is rooted in the redemptive history of God's people.
Standing guard at the entrance to God's house, the doorkeeper was a reminder that communion with God is a privilege not to be taken lightly in a sinful world. The Garden of Eden did not need gatekeepers, until Adam and Eve became unrighteous and unholy; then God " drove out the man, and at the east of the garden of Eden he placed the cherubim and a flaming sword that turned every way to guard the way to the tree of life." (Genesis 3:24). Yet in his grace God continued to call people into fellowship with him. Any such fellowship, however, had to respect his holiness. Moses could come only so close to the burning bush, because he was standing on holy ground (Exodus 3:5). Though God spoke face to face with Moses as a man speaks with his friend (Exodus 33:11; Numbers 12:7; Deuteronomy 34:10), even Moses could not see God's face and live (Exodus 33:20). At Sinai God told Moses to put limits around the mountain. Whoever would even touch it would be put to death (Exodus 19:12).
For God to dwell with his people in a tabernacle was a miracle of grace, only possible with a myriad of regulations that included a covenant framework, ongoing sacrifices to atone for sins, detailed instructions for building the tabernacle, an orderly arrangement of the tribes around it, and a detailed division of duties within it, all spelled out by God himself. After the glory of the Lord had entered the tabernacle at the end of Exodus, we read in Numbers 3 that the Lord set apart the tribe of Levi to help the priests. One of their duties was to keep watch over the temple furnishings. The books of Moses do not mention gatekeepers per se. But in 1 Chronicles 9, we read that Phinehas, the grandson of Aaron, was in charge of the gatekeepers, so there must have been gatekeepers at that time already. Verse 19 says that they guarded the entrance to the dwelling of the Lord. In the Hebrew it says that they were "over the camp of the Lord, guarding the entrance."
In that context we can understand the actions of Phinehas in Numbers 25. In Numbers 25, we are told that the Israelites sinned at Beth Peor and an Israelite man took a Midianite woman into the camp. The people stood weeping at the entrance, but Phinehas took a spear, went into the tent, and thrust it into the two of them, and so he turned away God's wrath.
Some explainers suggest that the tent where Phinehas stabbed them to death was actually the tabernacle, that this was an act of cultic prostitution committed in the house of the Lord.4But the word that's used for tent there is unique, not otherwise used of the Tent of Meeting. It is enough to know that Phinehas, as priest in charge of the gatekeepers, protected the holiness of the camp of the Lord. As Numbers 25:13 puts it, "He was zealous for the honor of his God and made atonement for the people of Israel." So his work as chief gatekeeper had atoning value.
Samuel and David
After God's people conquered the Promised Land, the Levites settled in their towns. Then came a period of apostasy. We know very little about the gatekeepers during that time, but again 1 Chronicles 9 gives a clue. It says in verse 22 that Samuel the Prophet assigned gatekeepers to their position of trust. Samuel himself had done the work of a gatekeeper as a little boy. In 1 Samuel 3 we read that he opened the doors of the house of the Lord in the morning (v.15; cf. 1 Chronicles 9:27). Samuel grew up in the days of Eli. He would have known how the temple doors became a place of sin: Hophni and Phinehas slept with the women who were serving there (1 Samuel 2:22). Samuel would have seen how those wicked priests were responsible for losing the ark. It's understandable then that Samuel later appointed gatekeepers to protect the holiness of the tabernacle.
The ark never came back to the tabernacle again. David brought it from the house of Obed-Edom to Jerusalem. He put it in a new tent which he had pitched for it. In 1 Chronicles 15 we read that he appointed two gatekeepers for the ark, Berekiah and Elkanah (v. 23). But that was a temporary measure. David wanted to build a house for God's name. He spent much of his reign not only gathering building materials but also organizing the Levites so that they would be ready to serve once the temple was built. Four thousand Levites were to become gatekeepers, and another four thousand were to praise the Lord with musical instruments (1 Chronicles 23:5). This was temple service on a grand scale!
Sons of Korah
There was especially one family that David appointed to become gatekeepers as well as musicians, namely the sons of Korah. That brings us full circle to Psalm 84. The title of this Psalm tells us that it was a Psalm of the sons of Korah. It was they who sang, "I'd rather be a doorkeeper in the house of my God." Now the Hebrew there does not have a noun, "doorkeeper," but a verb. It says, "I'd rather be stationed at the threshold in the house of my God." Psalm 84, then, is sung by sons of Korah, stationed at the doors of the temple, and there's no place they'd rather be.
There's an irony in this Psalm. Who are the sons of Korah? Who are they in the Bible? They're descendants of that Korah, the one who rebelled against Moses and Aaron in Numbers 16. Korah argued that the priests should not be the only ones allowed to offer incense. The whole congregation is holy, he said, so anyone should be able to offer incense before the Lord, anyone should be able to be a priest. You know what happened. The earth opened and swallowed up Korah, Dathan, and Abiram (Numbers 26:10), and fire from the Lord destroyed the 250 men who followed them. But Korah's children survived (Numbers 26:11), and here is the irony: Korah wanted to open up the tabernacle service so that anyone could enter and offer incense, but God appoints Korah's sons to be gatekeepers, to guard the entrance to make sure that not just anyone could enter. They have to make it their life's work to prevent the sin of their father from happening again. Korah says, anyone can enter, but the sons of Korah learn to sing, "I'd rather be a doorkeeper than dwell in the tents of the wicked."
I'm not sure why David chose this family to become gatekeepers, but here is an interesting detail: Samuel was also a descendant of Korah – we know that from his genealogy in 1 Chronicles 6 – so it may well have been Samuel who singled out this family for the task (1 Chronicles 9:22). Another descendant of Korah was Obed-Edom, the man who had the ark in his house before David took it to Jerusalem. The Lord had blessed the house of Obed-Edom richly for the three months that the ark was there. In contrast to Uzzah, who had touched the ark, Obed-Edom had shown himself to be a trustworthy man. Perhaps that was another reason for choosing this family of Levites for the task.
The King's Gate
When Solomon finished building the temple, he assigned the gatekeepers to their posts (2 Chronicles 8:14). They were stationed on all four sides, east, west, north, and south. Lots were cast to decide who went where, so this too was the Lord's decision (1 Chronicles 26:13; Proverbs 16:33). The most important gate was the east gate; that was the king's gate. The gatekeepers worked in shifts of seven days each (1 Chronicles 9:25); both they and the musicians worked day and night. As we sing with Psalm 134,
Behold, bless ye the Lord, all ye servants of the Lord, which by night stand in the house of the Lord.
Did they do their work faithfully? Sometimes they did, especially when the kings were also faithful to the Lord. During the reign of Joash, the high priest Jehoiada "And he set the porters (gatekeepers) at the gates of the house of the Lord, that none which was unclean in any thing should enter in.” (2 Chronicles 23:19). During the reign of Hezekiah, too, the gatekeepers were busy. The people faithfully brought their tithes and firstfruits to the storerooms of the temple, and 2 Chronicles 31 tells us that the keeper of the East Gate, together with six helpers, went out to the towns of the priests to distribute the gifts to them (2 Chronicles 31:11-15). In the time of Josiah, the gatekeepers collected money from the people to repair the temple (2 Chronicles 34:9). Those were good times.
Often, however, the kings were unfaithful, and then things went wrong at the king's gate. Uzziah became proud and entered the temple to offer incense there. Eighty-one priests confronted him, but he raged against them and stopped only after the Lord struck him with leprosy (2 Chronicles 26:16-20). Ahaz packed away the temple furnishings and replaced the altar of the Lord with a Syrian altar. He took away the royal entrance to the temple out of deference to the king of Assyria, and finally he shut the doors of the temple all together (2 Kings 16; 2 Chronicles 28). Manasseh filled the temple with foreign idols. Mere gatekeepers were powerless against these royal shenanigans.
In Ezekiel 8 we read that the prophet was transported in a vision to the temple in Jerusalem, and what did he see? At the entrance to the north gate there stood an idol that provokes to jealousy; unclean animals and idols were pictured on the walls, and seventy elders were burning incense to them. At the same gate women were worshiping the Babylonian fertility god Tammuz. At the entrance to the inner court Ezekiel saw about twenty-five men who had turned their backs toward the temple and were bowing toward the sun in the east. No wonder, that two chapters later Ezekiel saw the glory of the Lord leaving the temple, through the east gate, the king's gate. When the city was finally destroyed we read in Jeremiah 52:24 that the Babylonian commander captured the high priest, the second priest, and also the three doorkeepers.
The Exile and Beyond
Fourteen years later, Ezekiel saw visions of a new temple (Ezekiel 40:1). He had to describe it in full detail to the exiles so that they might be ashamed of what they had done (Ezekiel 43:11). Especially the Levites were put in their place: they were still allowed to serve at the gates, but because they had burned incense in the midst of idols, they would not be allowed to do priest's work ever again (Ezekiel 44:10-13). Ezekiel saw the glory of the Lord come back through the east gate (Ezekiel 43:5), but then the gate was shut.
The Lord said unto him, “This gate shall be shut, it shall not be opened, and no man shall enter in by it; because the Lord, the God of Israel, hath entered in by it, therefore it shall be shut. It is for the prince; the prince, he shall sit in it to eat bread before the Lord; he shall enter by the way of the porch of that gate, and shall go out by the way of the same.” Ezekiel 44:2-3
The doorkeeper families did not die out in exile. 1 Chronicles 9 tells us that among the first to return were 212 gatekeepers (v. 22). Ezra gives a smaller number, 139 (2:42), Nehemiah says 138 (7:45), and according to Josephus only 110 doorkeepers returned with Zerubbabel. 8Whatever the exact number, it was a far cry from the 4000 that David had appointed. More gatekeepers came back with the second return under Ezra (Ezra 7:7), how many exactly, we do not know. We do know that they were restored to service. In Nehemiah 10 we read that the people promised to bring their firstfruits and their tithes into the temple storerooms where the gatekeepers and the singers were staying (v. 39). But there was trouble too. The book of Ezra ends with a list of men found guilty of marrying foreign women. Three of them were gatekeepers (Ezra 10:24). Before Nehemiah went back to the king of Persia, all the Israelites gave daily portions for the singers and the gatekeepers (Nehemiah 12:47), but while he was gone, the priest Eliashib emptied out one of the storerooms of the temple and gave it to Nehemiah's nemesis Tobiah. The people stopped giving, and the Levites went home to their fields (Nehemiah 13:4-10). When he returned, Nehemiah was very upset; he threw Tobiah's goods out of the temple and called the Levites back to their posts.
Fulfilled in Christ
So ends the Old Testament history of the gatekeepers. Psalm 24 describes their task well:
Who shall ascend into the hill of the Lord? or who shall stand in his holy place? He that hath clean hands, and a pure heart; who hath not lifted up his soul unto vanity, nor sworn deceitfully.
It was the task of the gatekeeper to ensure that only such people entered the temple, and all too often they failed. Yet their task was not without hope. They were waiting for the true king of Israel to come to the temple. Psalm 24 speaks of that too: " Lift up your heads, O ye gates; even lift them up, ye everlasting doors; and the King of glory shall come in." This psalm was fulfilled in the New Testament when the Lord Jesus made a triumphal entry into Jerusalem, sitting on a donkey while the crowds spread clothes and palm branches on the road (Matthew 21). When he had entered the city, Jesus went to the temple, and he drove out the merchants and the moneychangers. Filled with zeal for the Lord, he fulfilled the office of the gatekeeper by cleansing the temple.
It was not for lack of gatekeepers that Christ did so. Several times in the gospels we read of a temple guard, so they were there! But how were they used? In John 7, the Pharisees sent them to arrest Jesus while he preached in the temple courts, but they came back empty-handed, saying, " Never man spake like this man." (John 7:46). In Luke 22 Judas Iscariot went to the chief priests and to the officers of the temple guard to discuss how he might betray Jesus. They were delighted and agreed to give him money. The officers of the temple guard were among the crowd that arrested our Saviour in Gethsemane (Luke 22:4, 5, 52). Temple guards sat with Peter at the fire while Jesus was on trial (John 18:18), accused of endangering the temple – he, the one man who withstood the wicked's lure, whose hands were clean, whose heart was pure.
The King of Glory who had come to his temple had to suffer outside the gate, excluded from the camp of the Lord (Hebrews 13:12, 13). But in doing so he showed himself to be a better priest than Phinehas. Phinehas, the first chief of the gatekeepers, made atonement by killing the Israelite man and his Midianite partner, but that was not enough. The Lord Jesus saved his people by offering his own life and bearing the wrath of God in their place. And it is here that we begin to see the significance of the gatekeeper for our lives as Christians today. Let me offer up one area of significance.
Significance
In the New Testament age, believers are called temples of the Holy Spirit, and as such they need to be gatekeepers of their hearts and lives, fighting against the sins that threaten them, keeping unholy influences away, and giving the Spirit room to do his work, and from that perspective the whole congregation can sing Psalm 84: I'd rather be a doorkeeper in the house of my God than dwell in the tents of wickedness. In the Old Testament the gatekeepers and the singers worked together, day and night. Gatekeeping and singing still go together for Christians who live by the Spirit (Ephesians 5:18, 19; Colossians 3:16).